Native American Heritage Month
On November 20, 1969, a pivotal event in Native American history unfolded: the occupation of Alcatraz Island by a group known as Indians of All Tribes (IAT). This act of civil disobedience marked a significant moment in the Red Power movement, a campaign advocating for Native American rights and sovereignty.
The occupation was rooted in the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, which stipulated that surplus federal land should revert to Indigenous ownership. After the closure of the federal prison on Alcatraz in 1963, the island was deemed surplus property, providing a legal basis for the IAT's claim. On that November day, approximately 80 Native Americans, primarily college students, embarked on boats and occupied the island, asserting their rights under the treaty. ββ
The occupation garnered widespread media attention, bringing national focus to issues such as broken treaties, systemic injustices, and the need for self-determination among Native communities.
Although the occupation concluded in June 1971 without the establishment of the proposed cultural center, its impact was profound. It galvanized Native American activism, leading to policy changes and increased awareness of Indigenous rights. The event also inspired subsequent movements and occupations, reinforcing the resolve of Native Americans to reclaim their heritage and assert their sovereignty.
The Alcatraz occupation remains a symbol of resistance and a testament to the enduring spirit of Native American communities striving for recognition and justice.
During their 19-month occupation, the IAT issued the "Alcatraz Proclamation," a document that highlighted the island's desolate conditions as a metaphor for the hardships faced on many reservations. They proposed transforming Alcatraz into a cultural center and university dedicated to Native American heritage.