Racial #History
On this day Oct 24, 1961
Birmingham Officials Announce Plan to Close City Parks Rather Than Permit Racial Integration
On October 24, 1961, in response to a federal court decision that Birminghamโs racially segregated parks, golf courses, and playgrounds were unconstitutional, Birmingham officials publicly announced that they would close all public parks and facilities rather than racially integrate them.
Under the Birmingham city code, interracial games of pool, cards, dice, dominoes, checkers, and billiards were illegal. Interracial play was not permitted in public parks including ball parks, tennis courts, golf courses, and football fields, as well as theaters, auditoriums, swimming pools, and playgrounds.
After 15 Black leaders, including civil rights legend the Reverend F. L. Shuttlesworth, sued Birminghamโs Parks and Recreation board, a federal district judge ruled that Birminghamโs segregated facilities and parks were unconstitutional.
In response to the October 24 court ruling, Birminghamโs mayor, Art Hanes, and the cityโs police commissioner, Eugene โBullโ Connor, immediately announced the plan to close all city parks.
By December, the city had eliminated funding to almost all of its parks and closed 67 of them, along with 38 playgrounds, four golf courses, and eight swimming pools.
Bull Connor defended the necessity of the cityโs decision, insisting that integrating the parks โwould only be the first step in total integration of our schools, churches, hotels, restaurants and everything else.โ Mr. Connor received a flood of support from white Birmingham residents who wrote letters applauding the decision.
As courts ruled on the unconstitutionality of segregated facilities, white people across the South remained so committed to preventing racial integration that they voluntarily shut down public parks, swimming pools, and other recreational facilitiesโchoosing to deny all citizens these benefits rather than to extend them to Black people. In some areas, this commitment to preserving and upholding segregation lasted a long time.
Birmingham parks remained closed for two years, while some communities reopened parks but permanently shut down facilities like public pools.
One local newspaper, The Jeffersonian, applauded the closures and stated the move helped the white community โretain our white race and culture.โ
What happened in Birmingham was not unique.